IT Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

IT Organization - Essay Example Additionally, it has also been viewed that countries like China, the United Kingdom and Australia are becoming a center of attraction for large IT industries to set up their business in these locations and explore the associated opportunities. Telecommunicating is a form of IT organization where employees working within the association do not commute to a central place of work. A person who communicates is generally known as the telecommuter or teleworker. A research conducted by Reuters poll demonstrations that about one in five employees round the globe, particularly working in the â€Å"Middle East, Latin America and Asia telecommunicate regularly† and nearly 10% work from home (Reaney, 2012). Discussion Telecommunicating industry is considered to be one of the most frequently growing industries in the IT sectors. It is an organization where task are performed outside of the normal organizational space and time with the help of computer and other communication technologies. Correspondingly, the growing number of industries around the world, it has been viewed that large multinational organization assign their task to some other organization in order to maintain a coordinated relation amid all its stakeholders and customers. Considering the aspect of telecommunication industry in Australia, recently it has been viewed that Australian telecom are concerned about the cost implications and selective impact of rigorous new national security proposal (Commsday, 2012). The aspect of telecommuting in the UK is considered to be one of the pioneers around the globe. Started in the year 1986 the country has 92,000 employees out of which 15,000 are considered to be home workers. It is worth mentioning that the vital reason behind providing the facility to work from home is that it saves an average of US $5,000 a year as employees are not required to spend on travelling and are considered to take few sick leaves as they are close with their family members (BBC, 20 11). Considering the aspect of telecommuting in China, it can be stated that the country has been the place of attraction for many large industries due to its rapidly increasing literacy rate and continuous availability of skilled human resource (KPMG, 2010). Considering the above stated facts of the three selected country the new IT organization would provide the facility of working both from home and office to individuals. The organizational chart of the new organization is being illustrated below: Figure: IT Organizational Chart (Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013) With reference to the above illustrated organization chart, it can be viewed that since the organization would be based on providing IT services to three major countries in the world. It is therefore vital that the organization is built on a cross functional basis as it provides much more convenient working system within an organization. Additionally, it can be ascertained that it provides a rigid and coordinated fo rm of working system which is specially needed in all IT industry. Considering the aspects of providing services and establishment in three of the largest country, the required budget has been estimated to be US $30 million. This would include steps like developing IT governance

The Influencing Factors To The Current UK Housing Market Assignment

The Influencing Factors To The Current UK Housing Market - Assignment Example The national population size and its composition, urbanization, the level of economic prosperity, investor speculative activities, interventionist policies by the government, monetary policy systems, just to mention but a few, are among a host of dynamic influences that play significant roles in shaping housing markets both in developing and developed economies (Leamer, 2007). Given the fact that these factors affect housing markets in every country differently in terms of intensity and persistence, it is rather difficult to capture all of them in a macro modeling system applicable to all states (Meen, 2001). In fact, what holds in an industrialized nation’s context may or may not hold true for an emerging economy. As witnessed in the recent financial crisis whose causal determinant stemmed from speculations in the housing market, the intensity of speculative activities in this particular market differ across economies (Levin and Wright, 1997). The factors that influence the U K housing market are broadly categorized into two prospects; micro and macro-economic influences. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as well as Gross National Product (GNP), the level of unemployment, rates of inflation, and rates of securing mortgages among other factors operating at the local level are classified as micro-economic influences. ... However, the period after 2008 has been of tough decision making for investors in the housing market. The era of good times ended with a bust following the global credit crunch and has been worsened by the recent occurrences of the euro debt crisis and the double deep recession that has persisted to date with devastating losses for investors across markets, both locally and internationally. Initiated by the U.S. subprime mortgage credit crush late in 2007, the intensity of crisis spread fast and wide to the extent that by early 2008, almost very sector in the UK had felt the pinch. Indeed, the drifts that started at the beginning of the first half of 2008 had reached both the residential and other business investment markets by the end of the second quarter (Shiller, 2008). The initial government stimulus package was being whitewashed under the watch of every investor. As the fallout from the crisis gathered drive, the strengths of the labor market weakened almost dramatically, leadi ng to significant increases in unemployment levels in every sector. Businesses had to survive whatever the costs and so sacrifices had to be made and the UK housing market was no exception. By 2009, news from the Office of National Statistics was not a surprise given the global economic performance; United Kingdom was officially in recession, having shed off 1.5 percent of its robustness in the fourth quarter of the previous year. A further drop of 2.5 percent at the close of the year further weakened the economy, causing a string of nightmares to investors (Office of National Statistics, 2009). At this point in time, unemployment levels had hit a new level high; 1.92 million,

Colonisation of Perennial Ryegrass by Endophytic Bacteria

Colonisation of Perennial Ryegrass by Endophytic Bacteria 2. Materials and methods 2.1. Preparation of culture media Nutrient agar (NA) – NA (Oxoid, Basingstoke, Hants, UK) was prepared by weighing out 28g of nutrient agar powder and dissolving in 1L of deionised H2O, by warming on a hot plate. This was autoclaved at 121 °C and 15psi for 15 minutes. The medium was then aseptically dispensed in sterile petri dishes and allowed to solidify. Sucrose glutamate agar (SGA) – SGA was prepared by dissolving 20g of sucrose, 2g of glutamate, 15g of agar bacteriological (Agar No.1) and 1g of K2HPO4 in 1L deionised H2O. This was autoclaved as outline above. The medium was allowed to cool to approximately 60 °C at which 5ml of MgSO4 and 1ml of kanamycin was aseptically added to the medium using a Nalgene Syringe Filters. The medium was then poured into petri dishes and allowed to solidify. Nematode growth medium (NGM) – 1L of NGM was prepared by dissolving 3g of NaCl, 17g of agar, and 2.5g of peptone in 975ml of deionised H2O in a Duran bottle. This was autoclaved as outline above. The media was allowed to cool for 15 minutes at which 1ml of 1M CaCl2, 1ml of 5mg/ml cholesterol in ethanol, 1ml of 1M MgSO4 and 25ml of 1M KPO4 buffer were added aseptically in a Duran bottle. The bottle was swirled to ensure the medium was mixed properly and then aseptically dispensed in sterile petri dishes and allowed to solidify. 2.2. Culturing entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) 9cm filter paper was placed in sterile petri dish and 1ml of stock nematode suspension was pipetted onto filter paper. Five live Galleria mellonella (wax moths) were placed onto petri dish and sealed with parafilm (Figure 1). The dish were kept in a dark and observed daily for the insect mortality. Once the G. mellonella were dead they were transferred to white traps. Figure 1 Galleria (wax moth) baiting technique. 2.3. Preparation of white traps White traps (White, 1927) were prepared which the lid of a small petri dish (35x10mm) was placed on top of the base and placed in a clear tub, this was then covered with filter paper. 30ml of water was added to the plastic container just to allow absorbing through the filter paper. The dead G. mellonella was placed on the moist filter paper and it was covered and placed in dark for 7 to 14 days (Figure 2). The white traps were observed daily for emergence of infective juveniles (IJs) by using stereoscope (Figure 3). Whenever the water around the stage became densely concentrated with nematodes, the water was decanted into a container and replaced with another 30ml of deionised H2O. The nematodes were stored at 4 °C in 25ml of distilled water until needed for use. Figure 2 – Galleria larvae on white trap. Figure 3 – Galleria larvae under stereoscope (20X). 2.4. Culturing Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) on NGM (Couillault. C, 2002) A stock culture of C. elegans was cultures from a previous stock of C. elegans. In a laminar air flow, the plate was divided into equal sections. A sterilized scalpel was used to cut sections from the stock culture to the centre of a fresh NGM plate (Figure 4). The plates were sealed using a strip of parafilm and stored at room temperature or inside incubator at 21 °C for 3 days. The petri plates were observed regularly using stereoscope (Figure 5). Figure 4 – Culturing C. elegans on NGM (Chunking method). Figure 5 – Observation of C. elegans under stereoscope (20X). 2.5. Culturing of bacterial endophytes The endophytic bacterial strains used in this study were provided by IT Carlow stock collection and have been labelled with gfp (green fluorescent protein). The Pseudomonas strains used were F113, L321 and L228. 1L of Nutrient broth (NB) was prepared and 10ml was pipetted into Mc Cartney bottles and autoclaved. The Pseudomonas strains of L321gfp, L228gfp, and F113gfp were inoculated aseptically using a wire loop and incubated at 30 °C for 24hours in an orbital shaker incubator. The gfp strains in the nutrient broth were then streaked onto fresh non contaminated nutrient agar and SGA in duplicate for each of bacterial strains, using the quadrant streaking method. All plates were covered with parafilm, labelled and incubated at 30 °C for 24hours. A gram stain, catalase test, oxidase test, and observation of morphological characterisation were carried out for the Pseudomonas strains of L321gfp, L228gfp, and F113gfp. 2.6. Quantification of nematodes S. feltiae and C. elegans The stock suspension of nematodes was divided into 50ml samples. 100 µl of the infective juvenile suspension of each sample was pipetted using micropipette onto a counting tray and tally counter was used to count for nematodes under stereoscope (Figure 6). Once they were counted, the sample was discarded and washed with deionised H2O. This was repeated 10 times and the average number of nematodes was calculated. Figure 6 – Counting chamber containing suspension of nematodes. 2.7. Preparation of soil samples 2500g of soil was autoclaved as outlined in section 2.1. The soil was dried in an oven at 55 °C for 24 hours. The soil samples were prepared by weighing out 90g into plastic cups (Figure 7) and temporarily covered with tin foil to prevent any contamination. Figure 7 – Each plastic cup contains 90g of soil. 2.8. Preparation for Sodium alginate beads (Bashan, 2002) The microbeads stock suspension were prepared by dissolving 10g of Sodium alginate in 500ml of deionised H2O , 10g of Calcium Chloride in 500ml of deionised H2O, and 5g of powdered skimmed milk in 50ml of deionised H2O. All components were autoclaved separately and the skimmed milk was autoclaved only for 10 minutes. The working solution was prepared from the stock solutions as follows; 5ml of skimmed milk, 15ml of sodium alginate and 5ml inoculum. The components of the working solution were poured into a sterile petri dish and mixed using a sterile rod. Parafilm was used to plug the spout of 20ml syringe, the alginate mixture and grass seeds were subsequently added. The parafilm was then removed and a sterile rod was used to ensure the coated seeds dropped out individually, into a beaker containing Calcium Chloride on a magnetic stirring plate (Figure 8). The beads were washed at least three times with sterile distilled water and stored in a sealed petri dished until needed for use. Figure 8 – Beaker containing Calcium Chloride on a magnetic stirring plate. 2.9. Isolation of bacterial endophytes from alginate beads (Bashan, Y and Levanony, 1989) In order to isolate and enumerate bacterial endophytes from microbeads seed coating. Six alginate beads containing individual bacterium were dissolved in 10ml of 0.25M Potassium Phosphate buffer in a test tube and incubated at 30 °C for 24 hours. The bead was then shaken on a vortex for 5 minutes to break down the alginate. Using a serial dilution method, 1ml of bead samples containing bacteria was serially diluted in 9ml of sterile ringers from 10-1 to 10-10 (Figure 9); this was carried out onto SGA in triplicate and incubated at 30 °C for 24 hours. Figure 9 – Most probable number (MPN) method/Serial dilution method. 2.10. Isolation of bacterial endophytes from plants (Keogh, E, 2009) Each plant was removed from pots and excess soil was removed. Three samples were taken from each plant (stem, root, and rhizosphere). The stems and roots were surface sterilised with 1% of sodium hydrochloride and washed twice with sterile water. The stems and roots were cut with sterile scalpel and crushed with a pestle and mortar in 5ml of Ringers solution. 100 µl of suspension was added to 900 µl of sterile Ringers in 2.5ml microfuge tubes. The serial dilutions were carried out and the resulting dilutions of 30 µl were then pipetted onto SGA in triplicate and incubated at 30 °C for 24 hours. 3. Results 3.1. Characterisation of bacterial endophytes The classical approach to bacteria identification involves preliminary microscopic examination of the gram-stained preparation for its categorisation which would later form the basis for the selection of biochemical test to be performed to test their identity. Table (Table 1) and figures (Figure 10(a) to (f)) below shows the characterisation for each strain of endophyte. Figure 10 – Characterisation of bacterial endophytes. (a) Culture plate observation for F113. (b) Microscopy examination for F113. (c) Culture plate observation for L228. (d) Microscopy visualisation for L228. (e) Culture plate observation for L321. (f) Microscopy examination for L321. 3.2. Counting of nematodes S. feltiae and C. elegans The number of nematodes was counted per well in four weeks’ time (Table 2) and a chart (Figure 11) was produced comparing the S. feltiae and C. elegans. This was repeated 10 times and the average number of nematodes was calculated. Table 2 – Quantification of nematodes. Figure 11- Comparison between No. of IJ/100 µl with the time of S. feltiae and C. elegans. 3.3. Soil samples inoculation In order to make sure the soil samples free from contamination, the serial dilutions were carried out and the resulting dilutions of 30 µl were then pipetted onto SGA in triplicate and incubated at 30 °C for 24 hours (Figure 12). The results indicated no growth in the soil samples. Figure 12 – No growth in the soil samples. 3.4. Isolation of bacterial endophytes from alginate beads In order to isolate bacterial endophytes from alginate seed coating, the beads were plated onto SGA and incubated at 30 °C for 24 hours. The results indicated that fluorescent which present of green colour pigment (Figure 13). Figure 13 – SGA changed to green colour. 3.5. Colonisation and enumeration of endophytic bacterial within plant tissues Inoculated perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) was allowed to grow for 4 weeks (Figure 14) before sampling took place. Total bacterial population of gfp expressing were determined for each of the tissues examined. Endophytic bacteria are considered to be those isolated from the internal tissues of surface sterilised plants. However, it is difficult to determine whether an organism is truly endophytic or merely a survivor of the surface sterilisation process. To ensure that the sterilisation processes were adequate, the sterilised tissues were pressed against the surface of a sterile SGA plate and samples of the third water rinsing were also plated onto SGA plates (Figure 15). Bacterial counts (Figure 16 and 17) on these plates were always between 10-1 to 10-4 CFUs per ml (Table 3 and 4), which was considered to be a good indication that the surface was successfully sterilised. However, under epifluorescent microscopy, the gfp expressing from inoculated plants. Pseudomonas species str ain L321 was detected only in the rhizosphere and the interior root tissues of inoculated plant (Figure 18(a) and (b)). Figure 14 Lolium perenne was allowed to grow. Figure 15 – Bacterial count on SGA plates Table 3 –Plate counts on Pseudomonas strain of L321. Figure 16 – Bacterial counts between S. feltiae and C. elegans. Table 4 – Plate counts on Pseudomonas strain of F113. Figure 17 – Bacterial counts between S. feltiae and C. elegans. Figure 18 – Visualisation under epifluorescent microscope. (a) L321gfp bacteria (400X). (b) L321gfp bacteria (100X). 4. Discussion Bacterial colonisation of the internal tissues of plants has been described in almost all plant species examined so far. Although many of these bacteria are phytopathogenic, a considerable number have also been found that colonise the plant without causing disease. Such bacteria are referred to as bacterial endophytes. Colonisation may take place at the local tissue level or throughout the plant, with bacterial colonies and biofilms residing latently in the intercellular spaces and inside the vascular tissues. This project describes the isolation, identification and colonisation efficiency of perennial ryegrass by gfp labelled bacterial endophytes. Furthermore, this study has shown the successful colonisation of perennial ryegrass by three endophytic bacterial strains under controlled conditions. The Pseudomonas strains, L321 demonstrated efficient colonisation resulting in high population numbers within the plant tissues. This experiment shows that the L321 bacteria endophyte worked successfully with the C. elegans to increase the plant colonisation. In this project, L228 was discarded due to the lawns were very poor and did not fluorescence very well so the experiment carried out only with L321 and F113. During the characterisation of bacteria endophytes, the results were obtained which the genus Pseudomonas appeared in Gram negative bacilli motile by polar flagella. In addition, in catalase test shows positive formed the bubbles when comes into contact with Hydrogen Peroxide. On the other hand, the results show that they are oxidase producing which will be oxidised to deep purple colour. Also, when nematodes had been put on plates and timescale had begun it was noticed that some plates start to dry out which may be due to the media drying out so to overcome this this, the plates have to seal with parafilm to prevent from dry out. Furthermore, other notice when the plates rinsed with water, I noticed crystals formed in the media and this may be due to the tem perature problem. Generally in the experiment there is no physical quantity can be measured with perfect certainty; there are always errors in any measurement. For example, the systematic errors are due to poorly calibrated instrument; observational for example, errors in judgment of an observer when reading the scale of a measuring device to the smallest division. 5. Conclusion In conclusion, this study has shown the successful colonisation of perennial ryegrass by three endophytic bacterial strains under controlled conditions. The Pseudomonas strains, L321 demonstrated efficient colonisation resulting in high population numbers within the plant tissues. Hence, none of the introduced strains showed any signs of pathogenicity towards their host plant and others tested. Many studies have shown that the colonisation levels in field trials are less successful than those in laboratory trials. This is probably due to increased microbial competition and less favourable environmental conditions. Therefore, additional long-term field trials need to be carried out in order to gain a better understanding of the colonisation pattern and population dynamics of endophytic bacteria in the perennial ryegrass. If time permitted future work would include, the carrying out of plant biomass which is a time consuming method that involves drying of cells and to perform by weighi ng the dry and fresh weight of each plant. 6. References Brown, R.H. and Kerry, B.R. (1987). Principles and Practice of Nematode Control in  Crops. Academic Press, Sydney. 447 pp. Evans, D., Trudgill, D.L. and Webster, J.M. (1993). Plant Parasitic Nematodes in  Temperate Agriculture. CAB International, Wallingford. 648 pp.   Luc, M., Sikora, R.A. and Bridge, J. (2005). Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Subtropical  and Tropical Agriculture, 2nd edn. CAB International, Wallingford. 871 pp. Mai, W.F. and Mullin, P.G. (1996). Plant Parasitic Nematodes. A Pictorial Key to  Genera, 5th edn. Comstock, London and Cornell University, Ithaca. 276 pp. Ahmad, F., Ahmad, I., Khan, M.S. 2008. Screening of free-living rhizospheric bacteria for their multiple plant growth promoting activities. Microbiol. Res. 163, 173-181. Barraquio W L, Ladha J K, Watanabe I. Isolation and identification of a N2 fixing Pseudomonas associated with wetland rice. Can J Microbiol. 1983;29:867–873.

The Physics of Photography Essay -- Pictures Photographs Careers Essay

The Physics of Photography The general population has become so accustomed to their simple point and shoot cameras that they do not either notice the poor quality of images that they are producing or do not have the knowledge to produce better images. For those who desire to take better photographs, photography will be an exciting life long adventure. There are many aspects to consider when taking a photograph. A good photograph is well thought out before the photographer snaps the shutter. Whether taking one’s portrait or shooting a landscape in the back yard, things must be lined up just right to get the best possible image. Different techniques are used to produce the exact feeling the photographer wishes to portray in his/her image. Depth of field is one way in which one can manipulate a photograph to produce the exact image desired. Depth of field is how much of the image is in focus from the front of the photograph to the back of the photograph. Emphasis can be placed on a certain subject by obscuring the foreground or background. There are three main features that can affect depth of field. Lens aperture (f-stop), distance from the camera to the subject, and the focal length of the lens (Heart 100). In order to understand depth of field one must first understand how light works. We can view objects because of light rays reflecting off their surfaces. These light rays are reflected in innumerable directions. In order to capture an image onto film one must be capable of controlling the light rays that enter the camera. This is done through the lens. The lens consists of a mixture of converging and diverging lenses that bend the light so it reaches the film as a real image. The light that passes through the upper po... ...of the light from the scene behind the subject must bend more to reach the film, causing the background to be blurred. When the photographer is farther away from the subject, all the light reflecting from the scene travels a straight path into the lens, making the index of refraction less and creating a sharper image from front to back. There is a wide variety of information to learn in photography and depth of field is just one aspect. Learning the different methods for controlling depth of field such as aperture, focal length, and subject distance will help in the journey of taking great photographs. Gone are the days of taking roll after roll of terrible photographs from a point and shoot camera. With just a little knowledge, taking sharp, well exposed photographs is more that just something the professionals do but rather something one can accomplish oneself. The Physics of Photography Essay -- Pictures Photographs Careers Essay The Physics of Photography The general population has become so accustomed to their simple point and shoot cameras that they do not either notice the poor quality of images that they are producing or do not have the knowledge to produce better images. For those who desire to take better photographs, photography will be an exciting life long adventure. There are many aspects to consider when taking a photograph. A good photograph is well thought out before the photographer snaps the shutter. Whether taking one’s portrait or shooting a landscape in the back yard, things must be lined up just right to get the best possible image. Different techniques are used to produce the exact feeling the photographer wishes to portray in his/her image. Depth of field is one way in which one can manipulate a photograph to produce the exact image desired. Depth of field is how much of the image is in focus from the front of the photograph to the back of the photograph. Emphasis can be placed on a certain subject by obscuring the foreground or background. There are three main features that can affect depth of field. Lens aperture (f-stop), distance from the camera to the subject, and the focal length of the lens (Heart 100). In order to understand depth of field one must first understand how light works. We can view objects because of light rays reflecting off their surfaces. These light rays are reflected in innumerable directions. In order to capture an image onto film one must be capable of controlling the light rays that enter the camera. This is done through the lens. The lens consists of a mixture of converging and diverging lenses that bend the light so it reaches the film as a real image. The light that passes through the upper po... ...of the light from the scene behind the subject must bend more to reach the film, causing the background to be blurred. When the photographer is farther away from the subject, all the light reflecting from the scene travels a straight path into the lens, making the index of refraction less and creating a sharper image from front to back. There is a wide variety of information to learn in photography and depth of field is just one aspect. Learning the different methods for controlling depth of field such as aperture, focal length, and subject distance will help in the journey of taking great photographs. Gone are the days of taking roll after roll of terrible photographs from a point and shoot camera. With just a little knowledge, taking sharp, well exposed photographs is more that just something the professionals do but rather something one can accomplish oneself.

My thoughts and reflections Essay

Sustainability I hadn’t considered the inter-plays that exist between the social, environmental and economic aspects of sustainability, I subscribe to the three pillars of sustainability (figure 1), that is each has an impact but they are independent of each other. Figure 1: Three pillars of sustainability Source: Wallis, A. M., Graymore, M. L. M., & Richards, A. J. (2011) p.596. Class discussions and research enabled me to see the interactions between these pillars and I started to contemplate sustainability more as an interactive process aligned with the three spheres of sustainability (figure 2) which I interpret as being of equal importance and that is you connect them all you will achieve sustainability. Figure 2: Three spheres of sustainability Source: Wallis, A. M., Graymore, M. L. M., & Richards, A. J. (2011) p.596. My ecological footprint gave me personal insights into my impact on the environment. I reflected on what I could do to reduce my footprint; an all-electric house, job with extensive car travel and I am a meat eater. What future was I leaving my children and what could I change? I could reduce my consumption of red meat, saving a planet, however the economic and social impact on our farmers for me outweighs the impact on the planet after all that is their livelihood. I can reduce my energy usage by turning appliances off at home and work and I can use technology for meetings to reduce my travel imprint. I watched a number of documentaries on natural disasters and asked myself why we have done nothing to prevent these and what have we learnt. I reflected  on the impact of the recent drought throughout Victoria. Ballarat almost ran out of potable water, our lake ran dry and tourism was in decline. This environmental event was impacting on our economy and the social impact was and is still being felt today. Human behavior changed, current water demand remains at levels of the 1930’s therefore I’ve concluded that humans need a crisis in order to change behaviour for the good of the environment. But have we really learnt from this, the drought of the 1930’s suggest not, evidence was there that we over used the land having a significant impact socially, economically and environmentally but yet natural disasters droughts still occur due to inadequate consideration of all aspects of sustainability. Worldviews and values A light bulb moment – I hadn’t considered sustainability worldviews. Was I more inclined to lean towards the atomistic (individual-centred) view or the holistic (earth-centred) view? On reflection I think for me it is both, unless you hold strong beliefs one way or the other I believe we hover in between; we all interpret data differently based on our starting assumptions and values and are less likely to change our worldview. In particular I reflected on Indigenous Australians who hold to a traditional value, the land is sacred to them; by holding this view they have a positive impact on the environment; they only take what they need, they give back and believe in the spirit of the land. They didn’t need politicians to develop policies and legislation to make them reduce their carbon emissions or to look after the land. I am faced with the dilemma of how we as a nation can make a difference; it appears that I have more questions than I have answers. Sustainability phases Most organisations are slow adapters to change and usually do so as a result of compliance activities being enforced upon them due to new or reformed legislation, a good example of this is OH&S legislation in Australia. Are we doing enough through education to ensure the next generation of leaders will consider sustainability more than a buzz word? We have created a throwaway  society, landfill is becoming scarce and yet our propensity to have the latest gadget is not decreasing, locally, nationally and internationally we need to look at ways in which we can recycle or reuse the materials on a large scale that has a positive impact on the planet. Another light bulb moment came when we researched companies that we believe are sustainable and consider what phase of sustainability they are in. We looked at Acciona Energy and concluded that they are in sustaining corporation phase as they are paving the way in sustainability. Not all would agree as there are people in Ballarat who are opposed to wind farms and their worldviews are strong in the belief the turbines are more harmful to your health and nothing will persuade them otherwise. This re-emphasises that our assumptions and values in many ways holds much stronger than any evidence that may be presented to us that may refute our views. My journey I have discussed and debated the values I hold and how by changing one small thing we can make a difference to our ecological footprint. If everyone made one small change in their lifestyle it may grow into something that will impact positively on the planet; e.g. Earth hour which started as a national event and is now a global phenomenon. I’ve planted a vegetable garden, my meat consumption has decreased and I actively shop for locally produced vegetables and fruit. I have moved my thinking to that of the ‘bullseye’ model (figure 3) which â€Å"shows that the human system, which is broken up into social and economic systems, must stay within the capacity of the social system to be sustainable.† (Wallis, A. M., Graymore, M. L. M., & Richards, A. J. 2011. p.597) Figure 3: Bullseye model Source: Wallis, A. M., Graymore, M. L. M., & Richards, A. J. (2011) p.598. I have contemplated how we move sustainability from a buzz word without introducing legislation which may not change people’s worldview. I work in the not-for-profit sector we are at the compliance phase of sustainability,  we can move to the efficiency phase by building the capacity of our community leaders; raising their awareness of sustainability, allowing them to experience the impact of their decisions and making a change that positively impacts the environment. I have seen sustainable behavioural change occur; such as water demand, if the reason for change is compelling but we have to recognise that change is a journey and for each of us we have to subscribe to the view that we want to change. Bibliography Wallis, A. M., Graymore, M. L. M., & Richards, A. J. (2011) Significance of environment in the assessment of sustainable development: The case for south west victoria. Ecological Economics, 70(4), 595-605.

The Conservation Of Tropical Rainforests Environmental Sciences Essay

A practical grasp of some tropical rain forest preservation issues was gained through the scrutiny of the Mossman Gorge recreational site, the next Aboriginal community, and the Cow Bay part. These sites were examined utilizing the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ‘s ( OECD ) Pressure-State-Response describing theoretical account in which observations were recorded in proformas and visually captured utilizing picture taking. There are a figure of force per unit areas on tropical rain forest systems, which are both natural and human induced and impact the province of the environment. Responses to these force per unit areas can be in the signifier of long and short term steps, nevertheless, there are many factors which need to be considered before implementing such steps, for illustration force per unit areas that may ensue from the response action. Management and preservation of tropical rain forests is disputing, with legion stakeholders involved. However, to go on to protect these extremely diverse countries, they need to be managed efficaciously, monitored on a regular basis, and the response mechanisms re-evaluated often.Mossman GorgeRecreational Activity in Tropical Rainforest and Indigenous ConcernsIntroductionGeneral OverviewNature-based touristry is a quickly turning touristry section within the planetary touristry industry, and is of peculiar significance within Tropical North Queensland ( Hill & A ; Gale, 2009 ) . The bulk of this touristry occurs within fragile, sensitive and protected environments, which raises concerns about the impacts that touristry has on these environments ( Hill & A ; Gale, 2009 ) . Negative impacts from these activities occur and need to be addressed ( Kimmel, 1999 ) . There is a demand to be after and modulate recreational activities within rain forests to forestall such possible negative impacts ( Kimmel, 1999 ) . The direct and indirect negative impacts of diversion and touristry can include: gla de of flora for substructure, harm from treading, the spread of alien weeds along walking paths and roads, the spread of diseases, such as Phytopthora cinnamomi and many other impacts ( Pickering & A ; Hill, 2007 ) . However, recreational activities associated with touristry can besides let people to larn and be educated about environmental rules which can rise their consciousness of and committedness to environmental protection ( Kimmel, 1999 ) . There are a figure of Autochthonal cultural and direction concerns related to recreational activity in tropical rain forests. Autochthonal people are traditional keepers of the land, and therefore have a right to be included in the direction of recreational sites within their country ( Hill, Baird, & A ; Buchanan, 1999 ) . Their countries are of great cultural and heritage significance and merit regard that is non normally introduced or present with development and touristry ( Bentrupperbaumer, & A ; Reser, 2000 ) . Autochthonal communities located near tourer sites can endure from a deficiency of privateness and regard, cultural commodification, trespass, supplanting and a whole host of other issues ( Bentrupperbaumer, & A ; Reser, 2000 ) . Concerns besides encompass: negative environmental impacts as a consequence of touristry and tourers on the land, devastation or change of narrative topographic points and sacred sites, and issues sing stealing/touching and defacing of nature and artifacts ( Hill, Baird, & A ; Buchanan, 1999 ) .Site Location and DescriptionThe Mossman Gorge recreational site and next Aboriginal community were the site locations for this survey country. The Aboriginal Community of the Kuku Yalanji people, Bamanga Bubu Ngadimunku, is located next to the Mossman Gorge recreational site, West of Mossman ( Bentrupperbaumer, & A ; Reser, 2000 ) . Access to the recreational site is by agencies of a route through the Aboriginal community ( Bentrupperbaumer, & A ; Reser, 2000 ) . The community, which started in the 1960 ‘s when the Daintree Mission closed, has about 170 occupants. Tourism is utilized as a beginning of income for the community. The Mossman Gorge recreational site is located in the Wet Tropics World Heritage Area ( WTWHA ) within the Daintree National Park ( Murphy, & A ; Harding, 2008 ) . It has been designed for twenty-four hours usage. There is a auto park and picnic country, along with a lavatory block and bike rack. Fires, bivouacing and fishing are prohibited activities. No rubbish bins or barbecues are provided. There are a sum of 25 designated parking infinites, with parking happening elsewhere every bit good, and 7 picnic tabular arraies are provided. Mossman River flows beside the site, and the site itself is surrounded by lowland tropical rain forest ( Murphy, & A ; Harding, 2008 ) . Figure 1 shows a map of this country. This country has about 500,000 visitants on an one-year footing ( Bentrupperbaumer, & A ; Reser, 2000 ) .Data PresentationMethodsThe OECD Pressure State Response theoretical account and its accompanying model are tools used to pass on information sing the province of the environme nt, force per unit areas moving upon it and response steps that can be taken ( Figure 2 ) ( OECD, 2000 ) . This theoretical account was used to develop proformas in which informations could so be collected consistently. Behavioral observations of wildlife and worlds were undertaken every bit good as systematic experimental recordings of the built and natural environments to measure the site ; these were recorded in the proformas. Cardinal indexs were developed and used for entering the province of the natural, built and human environments. Pressures that degraded the province of these environments were so identified and recorded in the proformas. Response steps already in topographic point were so identified and extra responses considered and recorded in the proformas. Additional cardinal note pickings was besides used to roll up informations, along with picture taking to enter site conditions. Data was collected at the Mossman Gorge recreational site and at the Indigenous Community on the 27th of April 2010. The conditions was overcast with rain. Mossman Gorge recreational site was visited from 9:30-10:00am and from 11:30-1:00pm. The Indigenous Community was visited from 10:00-11:30am.ConsequencesThe consequences are summarised in the undermentioned figures, exposures and tabular arraies.DiscussionState/ConditionIn general, the natural environment was in good status. Bing within the Wet Tropics World Heritage Area and Daintree National Park, the site has been handled by environmental direction bureaus. There was non a big diverseness of wildlife witnessed at the site. This absence of wildlife was most likely due to the conditions conditions and clip restraints of when the survey was conducted. The wildlife that did look was chiefly in the signifier of insects and bush Meleagris gallopavos. The bush Meleagris gallopavos were habituated to worlds, were aggressive towards eac h other when scavenging, and one had an injured leg. The flora seemed to hold been chiefly in the signifier of healthy primary low land rain forest. There was some invasion of alien weed species at the border of the route, borders of the recreational country, and within the garden. The yellowing of foliages on a little figure of trees indicated their possible unhealthy province. The dirt appeared to be slightly degraded in the chief country of the recreational site and peculiarly around the border boundaries. Erosion and compression of dirt were happening. The H2O seemed to be in good status, with first-class flow, and the H2O was clear, nevertheless there did look to be some signifier of algae/moss/fungi on the partially and to the full submerged stones. The air was non in peculiarly good status as there was odourand noise pollution nowadays. Areas within this site most at hazard to degradation include the border boundaries between the natural environment and the built, that is: on the border of the route, the country environing the picnic/grass country and environing the lavatory block. The built environment could be separated into three distinguishable ‘state ‘ countries. The route and auto park country were non in good status. The picnic tabular arraies, marks and waies were in reasonably good status. The staying reinforced environment was in satisfactory status, such as the coffin nail bins which needed cleansing and voidance, and the garden, which suffered from dirt and mulch loss, every bit good as some weeds, and wood rot/mould. By and large, the human environment was non in good status. Historical and traditional utilizations of the country were non looking to be undertaken, there was herding of people, big Numberss of vehicles and perceptible noise and odour pollution. The Traditional Owners besides felt displaced, a loss of sense and belonging, and uncomfortable in the recreational country.PressuresThere are legion direction and preservation force per unit areas at the Mossman Gorge diversion site. The chief environmental force per unit areas include pollution, human activities and glade and atomization. Pollution from vehicles and people caused the debasement of the natural environment and lowered visitant satisfaction. Human activities such as chasing and eating animate beings, compression of dirt and the touching or mutilation of flora topographic point force per unit area on the natural environment. Clearing can do loss of primary rain forest, secondary regrowth, affects dirt and cause atomization. At omization consequences in additive barriers and border effects, impacting flora and wildlife. Climate alteration is a long term force per unit area to the natural environment which may besides bring forth societal and cultural issues. The chief built force per unit areas include hapless design and layout of the country, non plenty of some installations, every bit good as inordinate usage of some installations. Poor design and layout of the country includes the lavatories isolated from the walking paths but near to Mossman River and the picnic tabular arraies really near to primary rain forest. This could do force per unit area through increased contact of visitants with the natural environment ( eroding, compression, chasing of wildlife and handling of flora ) , possible pollution from the lavatory block into the river, and decreased visitant satisfaction. There are deficient installations such as auto Parkss, marks, tabular arraies and seats, every bit good as lavatories which can do force per unit area on the substructure and lessening visitant satisfaction. Excessive usage of installations includes the route and auto Parkss which cause harm to the substructure and environment, peculiarly through eroding. The chief human force per unit areas include inordinate visitant Numberss, distribution and hapless usage forms and behaviors. Excessive visitant Numberss and clumped distribution of visitants, such as on walking paths, causes harm to the natural environment through compression of dirt, more human handling of flora, decrease in visitant satisfaction and an addition in the likeliness of substructure harm. Poor usage forms of visitants besides can do harm to the environment, substructure and a lessening in visitant satisfaction. Visitor behavior force per unit areas can do cultural issues sing discourtesy, opprobrious linguistic communication and racism towards the Autochthonal people. All of these force per unit areas affect the natural environment, the subs tructure, and produce societal and cultural issues.ResponsesShort Term Management Strategies Education through the installing of more effectual marks with pictural diagrams and warnings of forbidden activities in different linguistic communications could be utilized. Cusps in different linguistic communications or perchance even presenting a Ranger on site during peak visitant times/seasons may besides win in educating the visitants about negative impacts on the environment and may besides cut down discourtesy and bad behavior towards the Autochthonal people. Decreasing the force per unit areas from uncluttering and atomization could be accomplished through presenting buffer zones and wildlife corridors, well linking tree canopies across the route and walking paths and perchance even constructing elevated board walks. Engagement of Traditional Indigenous Owners in the direction of the recreational site and the instruction of visitants could cut down cultural and societal force per unit areas as the tourers may derive cultural penetration and regard for the Autochthonal peopl e. The execution of drainage may cut down dirt eroding which, in bend, may alleviate some force per unit area on flora. Redesigning the country by traveling the picnic tabular arraies off from the immediate rain forest and into the chief subdivision of the grassed country every bit good as switching the lavatory block back off from the river could besides be effectual responses to pollution and human impacts. More effectual enforcement of regulations and ordinances through better monitoring and increased mulcts in relation to, ‘no trailing or upseting wildlife ‘ , ‘no littering ‘ , ‘no manus feeding ‘ , and ‘no speeding/dangerous driving ‘ could besides significantly cut down force per unit areas from human activities. Long Term Management Strategies Possibly presenting a little entry fee and steadily increasing it over clip could cut down vehicle traffic and the figure of visitants, and may diminish force per unit areas on the natural, built and human environments. The Mossman Gorge Gateway Project is a response to force per unit areas on the natural, built and human environments. It will affect the Indigenous community which may cut down societal and cultural force per unit areas. The undertaking should besides efficaciously cut down vehicle traffic into the site, be able to curtail, or expeditiously clip the entry of visitants so as to cut down crowding, and do the local Autochthonal people more comfy when sing the site.DecisionRecreational activity at the Mossman Gorge site affects the province of the World Heritage tropical rain forest in the country. The debut of big Numberss of visitants and traffic, every bit good as edifice substructure to back up these visitants had placed force per unit areas on the natural environment . To conserve this sensitive country response steps are required to cut down force per unit areas non merely on the natural environ, but besides the built and human environments. The associated concerns of the Indigenous community, that is next to this recreational site, besides need to be addressed. The Autochthonal people are frequently faced with discourtesy and bad behavior from visitants which has displaced these Traditional Owners, lowered their ego regard, made them uncomfortable, and created a loss of sense of topographic point and belonging. Through response mechanisms, there may be a lessening in societal and cultural force per unit areas and the concerns of the Indigenous could be addressed by affecting them more in the direction of the site.MentionsBentrupperbaumer, JM, & A ; Reser, JP 2000, Impacts of Visitation and Use: Psychosocial and Biophysical Windows on Visitation and Use in the Wet Tropics World Heritage Area, Cooperative Research Centre for Tropical Rainforest Ecology and Management, Cairns. Hill, J. , & A ; Gale, T. ( explosive detection systems ) 2009, Ecotourism and Environmental Sustainability: Principles and Practices, Ashgate Publishing Limited, Surrey. Hill R, Baird, A, & A ; Buchanan, D 1999, Aborigines and Fire in the Wet Tropics of Queensland, Australia: Ecosystem Management Across Cultures, Society & A ; Natural Resources, 12, pp. 205 – 223. Kimmel, JR 1999, Ecotourism as Environmental Learning, The Journal of Environmental Education, 30, 2, pp. 40 – 44. Murphy, A, & A ; Harding, P 2008, Queensland & A ; the Great Barrier Reef, 5th edn, Alone Planet Publishing Pty Ltd, Victoria. OECD, 2000, OECD Proceedings Frameworks to Measure Sustainable Development: An OECD Expert Workshop, OECD, Paris. Pickering, CM, & A ; Hill, W 2007, Impacts of diversion and touristry on works biodiversity and flora in protected countries in Australia, The Journal of Environmental Management, 85, pp. 791 – 800.Cow Bay RegionUrban Development within Tropical Rain forestsIntroductionGeneral OverviewHuman activity in a tropical rain forest can take to woods devastation or debasement ( Maloney, 1998 ) . Urban development in this scene can hold a figure of negative drawbacks, peculiarly the clearance of land for development ( Maloney, 1998 ) . This development that occurs in these pristine and by and large delicate environments can interrupt the dirt system, do extended irreversible harm and ease more urban development ( Maloney, 1998 ) . Linear barriers and border effects can ensue from urban development and do the change or devastation of home grounds, alter wildlife and flora populations, cause perturbations of visible radiation, dust, fumes exhausts, enable the invasion of alien species, f ragment home grounds and populations and consequence in increased mortality of animate beings from vehicle traffic ( Laurance, & A ; Bierregaard, 1997 ; Rico, Kindlmann, & A ; Sedlacek, 2007 ) . Over the past 150 old ages at that place have been dramatic alterations to the rain forest in the Wet Tropics part ( Bermingham, Dick, Moritz, 2005 ) . The Daintree country is one of the most biologically diverse and important parts within the WHWTA ( Bermingham, Dick, Moritz, 2005 ) . Urban growing and substructure in this country have impacted the natural environment and will go on to make so, such as by break uping home grounds ( Bermingham, Dick, Moritz, 2005 ; Rico, Kindlmann, & A ; Sedlacek, 2007 ) . There is a struggle between development and preservation in this country ( Bermingham, Dick, Moritz, 2005 ) . Rain forests provide cardinal ecosystem services and therefore keep important value, therefore developing sustainable direction patterns in these countries is indispensable ( Bermi ngham, Dick, Moritz, 2005 ) .Site Location and DescriptionThe Cow Bay part is a combination of a complex mosaic of flora types, including low land tropical rain forest, and urban development ( Figure 5 & A ; 6 ) . The part is one of high biodiversity, located within the WTWHA ( Rainforest CRC, 2000 ) . Approximately, there are 287 belongingss in the country numbering 514 hectares ; 80 belongingss of which are settled, 12 of which have been given to conservation intent and the staying are unsettled ( Rainforest CRC, 2000 ) . Within the settled belongingss, development scopes from full glade of private lands to merely minimal uncluttering with rainforest residential homes ( Rainforest CRC, 2000 ) . The development of urban substructure has allowed entree to what would hold been a distant country.Data PresentationMethodsThe OECD Pressure State Response theoretical account was used to develop proformas in which informations could so be collected consistently ( OECD, 2000 ) . Systematic experimental recordings of the natural environ were used to measure the part and the information was recorded in the proformas. Cardinal indexs were developed and used to find force per unit areas that degraded the province of the natural environment due to urban development. Response steps already in topographic point were so identified and extra responses were considered and recorded in the proformas. Additional cardinal note pickings was besides used to roll up informations, along with picture taking to record force per unit areas or responses. Data was collected in the Cow Bay Region on the 27th of April 2010 from 3:00-4:30/5:00pm. The conditions was overcast with minimum rain.ConsequencesThe consequences are summarised in the undermentioned figures, exposures and tabular arraies.DiscussionPressuresThere are legion preservation issues associated with the urbanization of the Cow Bay Region within a lowland tropical rain forest scene. The chief environmental force per unit areas include pollution, human activities, glade, atomization, border effects and additive barriers. Pollution from vehicles and from people, in the signifier of rubbish and sewerage, can do the debasement of the natural environment. Human activities, such as glade and developing private belongings, presenting alien fruit, weed species and domestic animate beings, changing the flow and quality of H2O, touristry, utilizing generators and farming topographic point force per unit area on the natural environment. Clearing can do loss of primary rain forest, se condary regrowth, dirt debasement, H2O quality issues and can do atomization. Atomization consequences in additive barriers and border effects, impacting flora and wildlife every bit good as the biophysical environment. Climate alteration is besides a long term force per unit area to the natural environment which may bring forth societal and cultural issues.ResponseShort Term Management Strategies Education of the regional population, every bit good as visitants to the part, could be accomplished through the installing of more effectual marks and warnings of forbidden activities so as to convey the negative impacts of urban development within tropical rain forests. Decreasing the force per unit areas from uncluttering and atomization could be accomplished through presenting buffer zones, wildlife corridors, well linking tree canopies across roads and other additive barriers and perchance even constructing elevated roads to let the transition of wildlife and cut down wildlife deceases. More effectual ordinances, such as censoring the building of fencings and the glade of flora, curtailing H2O usage, curtailing the figure of domestic animate beings per family and compulsory fixing of these animate beings, censoring of sewerage systems and execution of bio-recycling, and the mandatory installing of solar power could be implemented to cut down force per unit areas on the rain fore st. The replanting of native flora along river and creeks Bankss every bit good as along waysides could besides cut down force per unit areas, peculiarly eroding. Long Term Management Strategies To cut down the impacts of generators, such as noise and leaking fuel pollution, the debut of environmentally appropriate electricity, such as carefully constructed powerlines, and low-impact hydro-power or air current power, over clip may be a feasible solution. To cut down the sum of waste produced that may potentially do injury to the environment, a new trash disposal system could be implemented. This system should supply inducements for recycling and the minimisation of waste, for illustration, through taking the waste charge from local authorities rates and implementing a system in which occupants pay 10 cents per kg of general waste, while reimbursing occupants 5 cents per kg of separated recycled waste. Residents should be provided with four little bins in which waste could easy be separated into paper, plastic, glass and general waste. Increasing local authorities rates on belongingss within this WTWHA could function to deter any farther urban development or promote more belo ngings proprietors to come in into authorities buy-back strategies. Implementing the decrease or limitation of visitants over clip to the country in the moisture season may besides alleviate some force per unit areas on the natural environment and occupants who do non trust on touristry may be happy to hold a respite.Problems That May Arise From Response ActionsPromoting roads to let the transition of wildlife may do devastation or increased impact during the building stage and may non be cost effectual. Residents may non accept the stricter execution of ordinances or the rise in rates which may take to drawn-out legal statements appealing the ordinances across different degrees of authorities. Political recoil may besides originate from the debut of such steps, and some of the ordinances may necessitate to be examined under province or federal statute law. Implementing electricity within this sensitive country may do more injury than the pollution from the generators, such as makin g additive barriers and increased wildlife deceases if powerlines were used. The debut of new recycling steps may non do a positive reaction ; alternatively occupants may take to illicitly dump their waste, which will do more environmental injury. Additionally, cut downing touristry for periods of clip in the part may take to a big economic loss for the part.DecisionUrban development in the Cow Bay Region affects the province of the World Heritage tropical rain forest in the country. The debut of substructure, a lasting population and big Numberss of visitants and traffic have placed force per unit area on this sensitive natural environment. To conserve this country, response steps to these force per unit areas are required so as to diminish the jobs of additive barriers and border effects that result from glade and atomization.

The Failure of the Somme essays

The Failure of the Somme essays On the 1st July 1916, after a weeklong artillery bombardment; General Haig launched the "Big Push" attack across the river Somme. With the French Army being hard-pressed to the south at Verdun the British intended to breakthrough the German defences in a matter of hours. The mistrust that Haig had of the so-called "New Armies" showed itself in the orders to the troops to keep uniformed lines and to march towards the enemy across no-man's land. This, with the failure of the artillery bombardment to dislodge much of the German wire, or to destroy their machine-gun posts, led to one of the biggest slaughters in military history. When the attack began the Germans dragged themselves out of their dugouts, manned their posts and destroyed the oncoming waves of British infantry. There were also other factors, which contributed to the failure of the Battle of the Somme: 1) The Night before the initial attack men were sent into No-mans land to cut holes in the Allied barbed wire to allow troops to pass through the next day. After they had done this they then proceeded to tape the gaps, which allowed the troops to see where the gaps were. But this also allowed the Germans to see where they were coming from, so when the battle started they got up from the trenches and aimed their machine guns at the holes and the proceeded to mow down the incoming Allied troops. 2) Secondly, the five-day artillery bombardment had no affect on the barbed wire except for making it a larger deadlier mess. This was because the shells threw the wire into the air and then made it tangled which made it even more difficult for the Allied troops to advance towards the German Trenches. 3) Before the initial attack the Allies started stockpiling supplies and men behind the lines to prepare for the upcoming major attack. The Germans then found out about the attack because of reconnaissance planes who spotted the additi ...

Project charter Essays

Project charter Essays Project charter Essay Project charter Essay The new internet web site will increase the public awareness on all local, regional and global environmental issues. It will also help to assist concerned authorities by implementing environmental programs and projects. The project will lead EGG to foster exchange of information, experience and practices expertise. Environmental organization EGG seeks to promote positive environmental action for the largest possible number of user to effective participation in specific projects, campaigns and activities. The new website will collect a database on various environmental issues and experts on various environmental issues from the public and private sectors to be available for public and institutions. The EGG will liaise with various target groups within the community to spread the environmental message and encourage volunteerism in preserving and protecting the environment. These objectives will lead company to propagate community waste reduction and recycling schemes, both as a meaner of protecting the environment and as a flagship for improving the communitys environmental awareness. Consider including the following items: relative priorities among functionality, schedule and budget risk management procedures Describe the assumptions upon which the project plans are based, the dependencies f the project plans, and the constraints upon the project plans (e. g. , schedule, budget, quality, functionality, etc. ). 3. 3 Risk Management Describe the major risks to the project, which the project plan has been designed to address. Describe how risks will be tracked and monitored. Insert a risk matrix. 3. Monitoring and Controlling Mechanisms Describe how project cost, schedule, quality and functionality will be tracked throughout the project. Consider describing the following: Report content/formats Reporting structure and frequency Audit mechanisms Project web site Time accounting . 5 Staffing Plan Describe the numbers and types of personnel needed to conduct the project. Describe the required skill levels, start times, duration on the project, method of obtaining the p ersonnel, training required and phasing out of project personnel. . 6 Stakeholders Describe the key stakeholders (internal/external), interest (high/medium/low), influence (supporter/against/neutral) and their expected involvement (contribution) to the project. Influence Interest (H/WL) Expected Contribution Describe the communication channels and methods for project implementation and monitoring. Communication from to Time Period 4. Plan Details 4. 1 WBS Outline the work breakdown structure (WBS) of tasks that must be followed to develop the project, including dependencies between tasks. . 2 Resource Requirements List the resources required for each activity in the WBS. Include human, computer and physical facility resources needed. 4. 3 Budget and Resource Allocation Detail how the projects budget and resources will be allocated to all development and support functions for the project. 4. 4 Schedule Describe the schedule of project activities, taking into account the dependencies and equired milestone dates and deliverable dates. Express schedules either as absolute calendar dates or as time relative to key project milestones (e. g. , requirements signed off + 60 days). 5. Additional Components (OPTIONAL) Include additional components needed to manage your specific project. Possibilities include subcontractor management plans, security plans, training plans, hardware procurement plans, facilities plans, installation plans, legacy system transition plans, and maintenance plans. A Revised Project Charter B Project Work Plan (Ms Project file)

How to Adjust Standard Book Review Formats to Nonfiction Entries

How to Adjust Standard Book Review Formats to Nonfiction Entries How to Adjust Standard Book Review Formats to Nonfiction Entries It sometimes seems that writing a book review is a piece of cake. That’s because you often mix it up with a book report which is just a record of events that happened in a certain literary work. Students usually get such an assignment in secondary or high schools maximum (because the task doesn’t require a great deal of analysis or critical thinking). But it’s not the same with book reviews which are common homework at colleges and universities. You’ll have to make some efforts in order to comply with the regular academic standards and live up to your professor’s expectations, especially when you need to adapt book review formats to nonfiction entries. But don’t get rattled – we’ve compiled a list of guidelines on this topic that will help you to do your best while completing this assignment. Review the Author’s Previous Works and Interests Make sure you understand the style of the writer and can follow his/her thread of thoughts. In novels or poems, there is usually a story, but a scientific work or news article can be devoid of the obvious plot, and it may be hard for you to perceive the main idea. So, read about author’s background and have a perfunctory look at his/her previous works. Carefully Consider the Audience While reviewing a fiction story, it’s easy to imagine who the readers are. But when it comes, let’s say, to social sciences, you can’t predict who is interested in the subject. That’s why the target audience in your head has to be pretty wide – if you want to have a more specific image, go to such websites like Amazon and read reviews on the work you are going to describe. There, you’ll certainly gain some useful insights. Do the Research for the Evaluation While writing a book review on a nonfiction work, you need to have some solid knowledge about the subject matter it deals with. Otherwise, you won’t be able to assess the statements of the author and provide any kind of analytical evaluation in your assignment. And this is the most important part of nonfiction book reviews. Dwell upon the Importance of the Topic Does the writer cover some burning issues or creates useless articles on pasta types that already have been described dozens of times? Be sure that you estimate the importance of the subject matter and hit it over the fence for your audience. Don’t Play with Over- or Underestimation Your professor wants to see an adequate review with constructive criticism or worthy praise. Don’t say that someone’s arguments are not reliable enough just to fill in the space in your writing assignment. Include only your real assumptions without any exaggerations. This way, your book review will be authentic and original. Writing a nonfiction book review is complicated exactly because it is easy – every supervisor expects that you will be able to do it, so they want to see something more than just following the standard set of regulations. Consider out tips and create a paper that stands out from the crowd. All in all, you can easily buy book review online from our agency.

Comparing Gian Lorenzo Bernini and Francesco Borromini's use of light Essay

Comparing Gian Lorenzo Bernini and Francesco Borromini's use of light and shadow in their architecture - Essay Example In their architectural works, Borromini symbolized the imaginative and idiosyncratic sector of the baroque while Bernini represented the purposes and ideas of ancient Rome (Zelanski & Fisher 172). During their architectural works, both architectures used light as a building material so that they can cause visual and ornamental effect to describe the planned space. Therefore, both the architecture perceived light and shadow in their buildings for identity. Comparing Gian Lorenzo Bernini and Francesco Borromini’s use of light and shadow in their architecture Both Bernini and Francesco used light and shadow in different sectors of their architectural works for varying functions. First, they considered the rays of light very important in their work since they used windows to act as lighting holes. They used windows to attract sunrays as seen on the church of the monastery. These architectures also used window lights in their works to show the cyclic values of time on varying seaso ns. They ensured that they built their windows in a systematic manner to have an opening, which allows rays to penetrate into specific areas within a house. Second, both Bernini and Francesco included light walls in their architectural works (White 27). ... An example is the church at Walsenburg Abbey. They enabled uniform lighting in their works by including several windows. Both architectures blended light and shadow in their work to make them appear livelier. This is because; both architectures believed that good lighting improves the surfacing texture, depth and the form of the work. They used different types of lighting and shadow in different areas; for example, they used homely lighting during the interior designs for domestic homes. Bernini and Francesco used light and shadow in their art works in order to bring about decorative effect (White 28). This is because light effects on any artwork clearly show the design of that work hence helping many people in defining such work. Both architectures considered light and shadow to rhyme; therefore, they used glass and other translucent materials in order to avoid brightness hence creating shadows in their artistic works. During their time, both architectures used light mainly in inter ior designs. They integrated fenestration together with artificial light hence creating illumination, which gave their works a sense of movement and emotion. They applied interior lighting to lessen focal prominence hence increasing a sense of openness as well as height of the objects. Both architectures used natural light to draw attention to specific parts of a given space and this was commonly applicable in churches and uniform tall windows. They also used light and fire to make their surfaces more reflective and the candle encouraged spectacular illumination (Ficher-Rathus 400). ContrastingGian Lorenzo Bernini and Francesco Borromini’s use of light and shadow in their architecture Bernini and

Selection of research subjects Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Selection of research subjects - Essay Example population, is to convey the opinion that such disproportional representation is not fair and does not make the most of the diversity available, while bordering on racist inclinations and gender inequality, as well. It also attempts to put forth a convincing argument, with evidences, to uphold the fact that inclusion of the blacks, as well as, the female population would certainly lead to a better prospect for the industry, since to throws up lurking talent, while also paving way for a more balanced research. This not only wipes out grievances that exist in the non-represented part of the population, but also promotes equality and brotherhood. Clinical research is a particularly difficult topic. In most research communities industrial and federal agencies have been, for more than a decade, refusing to obtain information about inconsistent drug effects on patients based on race, ethnicity, gender and age. I will discuss the model development, study design in relate to clinical trials. Also I will talk about the participant factors in general and my personal factors. The last point I will be discussing is the ethnically diverse patients. ANALYSIS SELECTION OF SUBJECTS The ideal path towards success for any industry, is to make the most out of the man power and talent pool available. Under such circumstances, the selection of candidates is a crucial phase. Priority attached to a particular strata or section of the society, while leaving out the others, is often dangerous as it paves way for inequality and further, it does not recognise the talent of the rest of the masses. Our core industry and area in this article, is that of the U.S. clinical research, wherein majority of the individuals enrolled for the research are white males. The very mention of 'white males' highlights the fact that two important sections of the society---the females and the blacks are not very prominently represented in the enrolment. In the Model Development the proposed Model for Clinical Trial Participation was developed based on a literature review and experiences with subject participation. Analysis and use of the model in implementation of clinical trials may be helpful in all research disciplines. The model identifies barriers and issues related to clinical trial participation, strategies that can be used for success, and outcomes for successful clinical trials. A literature review indicated that successful clinical trials depend on certain key issues and factors: study design, participant factors, issues related to ethnic diversity, the informed consent process, and physician factors. Strategies for success are identified in the model to overcome these issues and concerns, and specific outcomes are identified. Healthcare providers across disciplines can use the model prior to and during enrolment of patients into studies. A literature review revealed specific barriers and factors related to the success of clinical trials. The major barriers identified were study design, participant factors (i.e., general and personal issues related to special populations), the

Comment on three minor characters such as Maria, Sir Toby, Sir Andrew, Essay - 1

Comment on three minor characters such as Maria, Sir Toby, Sir Andrew, or Feste. Why is each one important in the play - Essay Example Firstly, when the character of Sir Toby is taken into consideration, it is clear that it (the character) has been created for the purpose of humor. But here, it needs to be specifically highlighted that this character is a one having negative shades. Sir Toby resides in the house of his niece, even though he is in no way entitled to do so. Also, he treats all servants of the household in an extremely abusive manner. As a matter of fact, Sir Toby believes in using people for meeting his own interests. This is evident not just by the fact that he makes the home of his niece as his permanent residence, but also by the way in which he interacts with Sir Andrew, another comical character of the play. On one occasion in the play, Sir Toby states â€Å"What a plague means my niece, to take the death of her brother thus? I am sure cares an enemy to life.† These lines vividly focus on the fact that he has no sympathy for his niece, who is grieving the death of her brother. The fact tha t this focuses on his inhuman nature warrants no special mention. In another situation of the play, Sir Toby is unhesitant while remarking â€Å"With drinking healths to my niece: Ill drink to her as long as there is a passage in my throat and drink in Illyria: hes a coward and a coystrill that will not drink to my niece till his brains turn o the toe like a parish-top. What, wench! Castiliano vulgo! for here comes Sir Andrew Agueface.† Even a superficial reading of these lines is enough to convince anyone that, Sir Toby believes solely in drinking and making merry, even at others’ expense! Likewise, there are numerous examples in the play that stress on the negativity of Sir Toby’s character. (1) (2) Next, the focus needs to move on to the character of Maria, who is another member of Olivia’s household. In fact, it is in no way an overstatement in maintaining that the character of Maria is very much similar to the one of Sir Toby, having all the related negative traits.

Principle Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Principle Management - Essay Example As the essay discusses culture of an organization is said to be strong when the staff respond to the stimulus and it is weak when there is no alignment with the corporate values. Culture is one great key to success. Different views are found on the classification of corporate cultures but those of Handy have been most widely cited. His method of organizational culture links it to organizational structure. According to him, culture can be grouped under four types – power culture, task culture, role culture, and people culture. This paper declares that power culture is an ideal means to map and understand the values of an organization. Power in any organization is usually concentrated in a few pairs of hands. Power culture control radiates from the centre like a web and reaches the staff through the rays. Very few rules and procedures are available and communication is normally direct and verbal. This culture can be found in small businesses culture entrepreneurial organizations. Like minded people are chose to remain in close proximity to the centre. They group takes calculated risks and being cohesive, they react promptly to internal culture external threats. This type of culture does not affect group or project work as the group is normally cohesive and the central figure is autocratic. In a Role culture, people have clearly defined authorities within a defined structure. Role cultures are highly formalized. They are bound with regulations and paperwork. These organizations form hierarchical bureaucracie s and are like a pyramid in structure.

Case Study for the Complete Care Repair Research Paper

Case Study for the Complete Care Repair - Research Paper Example Research Problem The research problem has many angles because there are several problems with MindWriter. Some of the problems that have been seen are discussed here: There is a call center that is able to answer questions for customers who have a malfunctioning product. They have an 800 number to call and the call center can answer service, support and ordering questions. Unfortunately these are the only questions they can currently answer. When a person calls in, the call center must take the name, number and address from the customer as well as the Mind Writer model number. The technical representatives with this information will then ask question to understand more clearly the nature of the customer’s problem. They will attempt to resolve the problem on the phone if they can. The challenge is that they cannot answer every inquiry on the phone. Some of the things that need to be researched include: 1. There are employee shortages and training new technical representatives i s time consuming and does not always happen in the time that they are needed. 2. The courier does not always pick up and deliver the products as they have spelled out in the contract with Complete Care Repair. 3. ... Complete Care Repair will need to research to find where the problem really is and do something more to help it. Purpose of the Study The purpose of the study is to define how Complete Care Repair can help MindWriter understand their problems and eradicate them. Some of the issues they will need to understand better in order to help MindWriter include: 1. Check with the courier company and see whether this is the best one for MindWriter to use. 2. Will the repair aspects of Complete Care Repair that include the diagnostic and sequencing areas need to be refined? 3. Does the technical director need more training or is there a need for the staff to have more training in this area? 4. Is there a problem with packaging? Can it be resolved if there is a different type of package created? 5. Is there a need for repair centers closer to where MindWriter operations are or should repair happen on site? These questions will guide the research into how Complete Care Repair can help MindWriter. Research Objectives Then research objectives will be to find out more information about MindWriter in order to help them. Specifically, there needs to be a thorough examination of the entire company in order to identify the problem areas. After Myra and Jason came back from Austin, they were able to identify several areas where there were problems. These areas need to be examined more closely. The research objectives will include: 1. To examine the call center to understand how they work with customers. We will want to identify what is working and what is not working. 2. To examine the packaging to see whether this is the most appropriate packaging or whether there are alternatives that would keep the

The Development and Structure of Nursing Knowledge Paper Essay

The Development and Structure of Nursing Knowledge Paper - Essay Example Nonetheless, there are some characterizing differences between theoretical and practical knowledge in nursing. Differences between theoretical and practical knowledge in nursing Theoretical knowledge Practical knowledge Also referred to as â€Å"know-that† knowledge, theoretical knowledge is gained from conducting various types of research. Also referred to as â€Å"know-how† knowledge, practical knowledge is acquired through individual experience. Involves trying to identify the necessary conditions for the occurrence of a real-life situation. Involves what happens during real-life situations. Involves what nurses read or are told concerning patient care. Involves what nurses observe during patient care. It is rational, in that it is easily communicated through description. It is tactical, in that it is hard to communicate this knowledge by word of mouth; observing someone doing it is more helpful. It is used to predict future occurrences, using cause-and-effect correl ations. It is used to attend to immediate situations, while relying on psychomotor skills. It is conditional and subject to inaccuracy and future challenges. Time, skill, and competence lead to more refined practical knowledge. In the end, although there are glaring differences between theoretical and practical knowledge in nursing, none can exist without the other. ... The most pertinent issue concerns the incongruity between what is taught in nursing courses and what actual practice demands. Aligning nursing education with actual practice All through the history of nursing, emergent healthcare issues have led to the adoption of new and different designs of the nursing curriculum. In the modern world, the healthcare industry is undergoing a lot of changes occasioned by new lifestyles, new technologies, and demographic changes. As a result, there have been concerns over whether the nursing education provided in nursing schools is still relevant in the healthcare industry. According to McKenna & Slevin (2008) one of the issues that have caused the public to lack confidence in the nursing curriculum is the increased number of medical errors. Fundamentally, medical errors mean patient safety is at risk, leading to an increased number of people dying from medical errors. It has been argued that there exists a large discrepancy between theory and practic e in nursing education. Today, this concern is gaining more global attention, as research shows that graduate nurses are unable to apply their theoretical knowledge to nursing practice. NACNEP (2010) states that a study conducted in 2008 showed that graduate nurses felt confident that the knowledge they had acquired in while studying was sufficient to enable them practice efficiently. However, according to the research, these graduates were lacking in certain skills, such as charting patient information and the use of information technology in healthcare. As a result, it the assumption is that the current nursing curriculum emphasizes more on theory than on practice. According to McKenna & Slevin (2008) nurses spend more time

Case Study for the Complete Care Repair Research Paper

Case Study for the Complete Care Repair - Research Paper Example Research Problem The research problem has many angles because there are several problems with MindWriter. Some of the problems that have been seen are discussed here: There is a call center that is able to answer questions for customers who have a malfunctioning product. They have an 800 number to call and the call center can answer service, support and ordering questions. Unfortunately these are the only questions they can currently answer. When a person calls in, the call center must take the name, number and address from the customer as well as the Mind Writer model number. The technical representatives with this information will then ask question to understand more clearly the nature of the customer’s problem. They will attempt to resolve the problem on the phone if they can. The challenge is that they cannot answer every inquiry on the phone. Some of the things that need to be researched include: 1. There are employee shortages and training new technical representatives i s time consuming and does not always happen in the time that they are needed. 2. The courier does not always pick up and deliver the products as they have spelled out in the contract with Complete Care Repair. 3. ... Complete Care Repair will need to research to find where the problem really is and do something more to help it. Purpose of the Study The purpose of the study is to define how Complete Care Repair can help MindWriter understand their problems and eradicate them. Some of the issues they will need to understand better in order to help MindWriter include: 1. Check with the courier company and see whether this is the best one for MindWriter to use. 2. Will the repair aspects of Complete Care Repair that include the diagnostic and sequencing areas need to be refined? 3. Does the technical director need more training or is there a need for the staff to have more training in this area? 4. Is there a problem with packaging? Can it be resolved if there is a different type of package created? 5. Is there a need for repair centers closer to where MindWriter operations are or should repair happen on site? These questions will guide the research into how Complete Care Repair can help MindWriter. Research Objectives Then research objectives will be to find out more information about MindWriter in order to help them. Specifically, there needs to be a thorough examination of the entire company in order to identify the problem areas. After Myra and Jason came back from Austin, they were able to identify several areas where there were problems. These areas need to be examined more closely. The research objectives will include: 1. To examine the call center to understand how they work with customers. We will want to identify what is working and what is not working. 2. To examine the packaging to see whether this is the most appropriate packaging or whether there are alternatives that would keep the

Impact of the Institute of Medicine on Nursing Practice Essay Example for Free

Impact of the Institute of Medicine on Nursing Practice Essay Impact of the Institute of Medicine on Nursing Practice, Education and Leadership The Institute of Medicine of the National Academics in Conjunction with the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation launched a campaign to provide solutions in response to the need for evaluating and alteration of the nursing profession. Future needs of our growing population from diverse cultures and demographics dictate the need for registered nurses to adapt and transform in response to advances in health care. This is done by promoting health with most favorable, efficient patient outcomes centered on patient care. The limitation of nursing practices today prevents nurses from effectively responding to the continuously evolving, rapidly changing, health care system which compromises patient safety and optimal outcomes. The IOM and RWJF determined four key messages in their discussions. Nurses should practice to their full potential regarding education and training. Higher levels of education and training should be attained through an improved and seamless academic program. Nurses should play an important role along with medical doctors and other health care professionals in reforming health care. Health care informatics and data collection need improvement to facilitate development of policy and efficient workforce planning. These suggested reforms will certainly impact nursing education, nursing practice, and the nurse’s role as a leader ( IOM, 2011). The foundation of the IOM’s report is to restructure nursing roles to become more efficient, cost effective, and adaptable in response to the growing population and technological advances seen in health care. Education is the key to preparing nurses for the new roles and responsibilities they will encounter. The expanded roles and expectations of the nurse call for educational reform as well. Incorporation of competencies at the educational level include leadership, basic health policy, evidence based care, quality improvement, and systems thinking ( IOM, 2011). The goal of the IOM is to increase the  number of nurses with Bachelors Degrees to eighty percent by the year 2020. Some bariers to this goal are as follows. There is a shortage of faculty, placement for students to perform clinical duties is limited, lack of competent programs to prepare nurses for higher degrees and technological advaces in patient care, and lack of workforce planning. Workforce planning is the competence of an organization to meet emerging needs. Educational institutions are not meeting these needs due to cost and qualified fculty (Wikipedia, 2014). As a result clinical experience is imperitive for fulfilling educational needs. The advent of the Affordable Care Act of 2010 endorses a shift from treatment of patients in an acute care setting to focusing on management and prevention of chronic illness. There is evidence based practice to suggest a more holistic approach which involving patient and family centerd care is more effective in treating patients rather than the hospital or healthcare model (Holmes, 2011). Due to this new model the IOM encourages nurses to advance education to the fullest extent, continue and maintain education to develop new competencies, and reform nursing school curriculum to meet these new patient care delivery models (Holmes, 2011). The IOM suggests that it is imperitive that nurses are able to practice to the full extent of their education and training ( IOM, 2011). As the population grows, physicians will not be able to perform at a competent level and provide complete patient care without a substantial number of nurses. Reliance on nurses is necessary to reform the health care system. Barriers such as regultatory restrictions regarding scope of practice, professional resistance by physicians, and insurance company reimbursment pactices hinder RNâ⠂¬â„¢s and Advanced Practice Nurse’s from practicing to the full extent of their education and compromise patient outcomes (Richard Ridge, 2011). Autonomy is an issue in some states regarding APN’s role. Some states require physician oversight to diagnose, treat, prescribe, or make referrals. Compensation for services is also an concern. Independent insurance providers, Medicaid, and Medicare compensate APN’s at reduced rates or not at all and may not cover prescribed prescriptions unless a physician signs off. Professional resistance is also an problem. The Scope of Practice Partnership lobbies against state expansion of the APN’s role stating they lack medical education, clinical knowledge and cognitive and technical skills which are acquired only in medical school ( IOM, 2011). These restrictions make it difficult to meet the demands of patient care. Outdated insurance practices also pose an obstacle by restricting insurance reimbursement to APN’s. Some recommendations to remove these barriers include conforming scope of practice regulations from state to a national level. Enlighten medical doctors on the future of health care and the need for autonomous APN’s. Providing information about successful patient outcomes as well as the decrease in hospital readmissions may sway the opinion of doctors regarding APN practice. Include Medicare and private insurance coverage of APN’s. Refer to evidence based practices to justify coverage. In order to institute IOM’s reform it is imperative the role of the nurse also transition into that of a leader. The development of leadership skills should be instilled at every level of nursing education and clinical mileu. The educational curriculum needs to incorproate theory and business practices, exposure to political dynamics, and management of multifocal relationships to ensure competency in high level collaborative skills (O’Grady, 2011). We will be responsible for assessing and implementing change in patient centered care systems which requires full partnership with other disciplines to reform policy. It is time for nurses to shape policy rather than conforming to it. As the population grows, and demographics shift to include a vast number of geriatric patients, the need for health care reform is imperative to provide optimal patient care. The IOM’s report recognizes the integral role nurses play in our healthcare system. The IOM suggests changes in areas such as education, leadership, and scope of practice to safegaurd the future of healthcare. Implementing these suggestions will transform the role of the nurse into a competent leader who is responsible for health policy change, and an educator to patients, family, and community. It is time we take responsibility for change rather than accept it for what it is. References Holmes, A. M. (2011, April). Future of nursing special: Transforming education. Nursing Management, 42. 34-38. Retrieved October 16, 2014, from Lippincott Nursing Center: http://www.nursingcenter.com/lnc/pdfjournal?AID=1150962an=00006247-201104000-00008Journal_ID=Issue_ID= IOM (Institute of Medicine). (2011, October 05). The future of nursing: Leading change, advancing health. Retrieved from http://iom.edu/Reports/2010/The-Future-of-Nursing-Leading-Change-Advancing-Health.aspx OGrady T. P. (May, 2011). Future of nursing special: Leadership at all levels. Nursing Management,42. 32-37. Retrieved October 19, 2014, from Lippincott Nursing Center: http://www.nursingcenter.com/lnc/journalarticle?Article_ID=1163290 Ridge, R. (2011, June). Future of nursing special: Practicing to potential. Nursing Management, 42.32-37. Retrieved October 16, 2014, from Lippincott Nursing Center: http://www.nursingcenter.com/lnc/pdfjournal?AID=1176058an=00006247-201106000-00008Journal_ID=Issue_ID= Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. (2014, September 27). Retrieved October 19, 2014, from Workforce planning: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Workforce_planningoldid=627275816

Individual Assignment The Introduction To Hospitality Tourism Essay

Individual Assignment The Introduction To Hospitality Tourism Essay Hospitality is the relationship between guest and host, or the act or practice of being hospitable. Specifically, this includes the reception and entertainment of guests, visitors, or strangers, resorts, membership clubs, conventions, attractions, special events, and other services for travelers and tourists. Hotel, motels, inns, or such businesses that provides transitional or short-term lodging, with or without food. The hospitality industry consists of broad category of fields within the service industry that includes lodging, restaurants, event planning, theme parks, transportation, cruise line, and additional fields within the tourism industry.Hospitality also means providing services and welcoming strangers without expecting anything in return. Here if you see and redefine the words Hospital and Hospitality it will give you the same answer. In Hospital a Doctor takes care of a Stranger who comes to him without knowing  who is in front of him with his physical problem and expe cts that he will be taken care properly without any doubt. The patient expects that the right type of treatment is given from the time he comes to the Hospital till he is discharged. Same is with Hospitality. When a strangers walks in who is your Guest he expects a proper welcome with a smile and he is taken care with Proper accommodation, Food and Beverage till he checks out. The stay must be memorable and he should feel fit and fine with the services provided. Question 1 1.1Define the term Hospitality Industry and give examples, advantages, and disadvantages of their use in the hospitality industry? The hospitality industry is a huge and famous industry in this world, and there are multiple areas in this industry. This industry is specialized by training. This gigantic sector includes tourism and tour, traditional hospitality industry such as resorts and hotels, motel and a range of other hospitality services. ( Johnston, 2010). Because of this industry is famous so there is several advantages in this industry. But if we look deep through this industry also got some disadvantages also. The advantage of hospitality industry is that, they afford to provide the full service to their customers. For example, many hotels or resorts are around-the-clock, provide 24-hour operations and staffs are required to work varied shifts and extended hours for their customer satisfaction. Its means they provide the services for their clients all the time. Without bothering the time of the clients ask for the service. For example if any of the clients need foods or any other service at midnight means they can provide all the service to them without any further adore. Besides that, this industry also provides other services such as tour and tourism beside provide only the accommodation service. Mostly the resort department will provide this as their service. It is because mostly the resorts will located at beach site waterfall site. So the people those who are go there can enjoy the beach site by staying there for 2 days or more than 2 days. In this situation, the industry helps their client to enjoy the nature by staying at beach site. The resorts also sometimes will build at jungle site. Those who is interest for stay in jungle for get any deferent experience they can go there and stay there and at the same time can enjoy the jungle life. The hospitality industry is famous for accommodation sector. They provide this sector with multiple categories. For example five star hotel, four star hotels, and three star hotels and so on. So those who are afford to pay the high fee they will choose their standard level hotel such as five star or four star hotels and those who are not afford to pay more fees only for the accommodations for a short period time will choose the lower level hotels. So its shows that this industry provide hotels for all the people according to their living standard. Then glamour myth also a advantage of the hospitality industry. Is means the hotel industry offers you the chance to meet rich, famous and interesting people. So we can meet them at the place where go for rest but at the same time it brings benefit to us. Can get meet any famous person or any important person who are in the same carrier with us. For example, if Im a business person I can get to meet any other business person who is carry on the same business with me, so I can develop my business very well and famous. At the same time they can include scientists attending in-house conferences, foreign tourists, local business people and ordinary everyday citizens. Although you might be able to tell your friends that Hollywoods hottest stars are staying in your hotel, youll probably have to stretch the truth a little to say that you actually talked with them. Celebrities might chat with you like an old friend, out of politeness, only when ordering room service, or not at all. Some may be jovial and even invite you for a drink, while others will treat you with the cool and fun. Furthermore the hospitality industry provides the standard living for their client. They provide services with the standard level such as the rooms that they provide the foods that they provide. They provide the rooms with full furniture and all the equipment. So the client will happily can enjoy all the service of them. So they will satisfy with their service and may be the loyal to the particular hospitality industry. With the advantages of hotel Industry come the disadvantages too. The disadvantage of this industry is long and odd hours. This means that if the client or customer of that particular hotel doesnt like early starts or late finishes, then the hotel industry may not be help them. They may make late to help the client purposely. Besides that, pressure, high standards and deadlines also a disadvantages of the hospitality industry. Working for demanding clients and management is not the downside of working in hotels for it is what the industry is all about but you may find that the pressure of guest and management expectations are more stressful than you ever imagined. Pressure and deadlines are intrinsic elements of the industry and the best hotel workers thrive on conquering the challenges and obstacles placed in the way of personal and company objectives. Culture problem also consider as a disadvantage of this industry. Most of the hospitality industry provides their service with the western style but it not suitable for all the clients of them. For example we can take the Malay religion, they cannot eat all the food especially pork at all and they can eat only halal food so they face some problems. Then also must prepare with at least a special hall for their praying. Because Malays must at the correct time and must carry on the prayer at the special venue which is called as surau if there dont have mosque. So some of the hotel or hospitality management sometimes never provides or forget to prepare all this things to them. Besides Malays, in our country the Indian are sometimes will carry on the vegetarian. So the hotels must prepare the vegetarian foods for them. But they never provide this sometimes. So the clients need to go out site of the hotel for find the foods for them. This shows that the hospitality industry never give important for their clients. As the conclusion, the hospitality industry provides the good service for their client with their variety service. But still this industry needs to improve their service to archive the target of their industry. if they improve all this the customers will get happy and will enjoy with service. Question 2 2.1: Find out the factors that affecting travel and tourism. Explain in detail? Tourism comprises the activities of persons travelling to and staying in places outsides their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes. The word staying suggests that tourists stay at least one night. However must acknowledge that day visitors make a huge contribution to the tourist industry and some regions and organizations choose to include day visitors in statistics. It is acknowledged by the World Tourism Organization that tourism is the fastest growing economic sector, bringing foreign exchange earnings to countries and creating jobs. Jobs are not only created directly in tourism but in related industries, for example in construction. Much tourism development occurs in developing countries, bringing economic opportunities local communities. There are several factors that affecting travel and tourism industry which influence the industry. The first factors that affect this industry are technological factor. Nowadays the technology develops very well. So also develop in travel and tourism. The growth of e-commerce and new transportation affect the travel and tourism industry. Nowadays the travel system develops well for example the buses that use nowadays is full of air-condition service, with video and audio system. Travel and tourism has always been an industry that has made extensive use of new technology equipment. Central reservation system (CRS), the use of computers in travel agencies and sophisticated databases for marketing purposes are now ordinary. Increase in competition within the industry will force organizations to use new technology to the full. New developments in transportation make extensive use of new technology, for example the Channel Tunnel, the advances in aircraft design and opening up new long-hall destinations. Then more develop bus is super VIP bus. This is consisting of all the service to t he passengers. So the passengers can enjoy the traveling period. Furthermore, another factor is, the technology develops until the passengers or the customers can get the information of the travel and tourism industry in internet. The particular agency will update all the information in web so the customers can check easily all the information about their tour and can easily contact to the particular agency. This makes the agency famous among the people because all over the world can access their information and can consider to the particular agency. At the same time also help the customers to get all their information in detail and faster too. Cultural and environmental factors also affect the travel and tourism industry. In the 1980s saw the emergence in Britain of a greater environmental awareness and a society that was beginning to take its health and fitness seriously. These factors are likely to remain important influences on travel and tourism developments in the future with so-called green issues high on the agenda. The political aspect also affects this industry. The security concerns over travel have had a serious impact on the travel and tourism industry. Which are leading to increased business failures in certain situation if the government never invent in this industry. The government must provides all the services to help the industry such as prepare a good road for travel and railway tracks for the rails travel so the travel and tourism industry can easily can safely travel. Then the choice of destination also affects this industry. Most of the customer likes to travel for a famous and enjoyable place. So they must bring out the travel and tourism to a famous popular place, which got a high demand among the people. Then choose of place should be according to the age group. If want to carry on a travel and tourism, must be a place where got a lots of fun and entertainment but if want to carry on for veterans means place should be suitable for them. So they can enjoy the travel with fullest and the affect also will be the positive type. Other than age group category there got other group category also, such as leisure customers, business customers, independent travelers, package holidaymakers. So the travel and tourism must be carrying on according to deferent types customers. Besides that, the rule and regulation also will affect the travel and tourism industry. The travel thats going to carry should be following the all the rules and regulations that the government stated and the particular place stated. So it will never affect the customers of them. For example, if the tourism place stated that cannot brings camera or video inside means they should tell earlier to their customer so they may follow the rules and will not affect the agency also. If not the agency may affected because did not follow the rules and regulation. While the customers also wont respect to the agency. At the end the customers wont support for the particular industry. The travel and tourism that going to carry on also should be suitable for the season. Because the customers are always like to travel to different destination in a different season. So should carry on the correct travel and tourism event at the correct season. If not it will affect alt the industry. The customer may not will support the agency because they are not giving what they want and they wont satisfy with them at all. At last the food and beverage also will affect the industry, even is not a big issue and important in a travel and tourism industry. The foods that they provide to the customers should be good foods which is not expired or spoiled. If not the customer may get anger with their service and will get disappointment with their service. So if a travel and tourism industry wants to be success means, they should consider all the element of the travel and tourism. And must prepare earlier for everything with full of good service for their customers satisfaction. Conclusion http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSbpXEn1MNc3WlR1eNL_Y7lEYmix5zdVH5pPapH0B3n3gHJT1lhAs the conclusion, we have learnt about the meaning of hospitality and the stages of hospitality industry development from traditional to advanced stage and learnt that hospitality management means how to cater for people in a friendly and cheerful manner to enable the guest appreciate in services. Besides that, we have learnt about the meaning and the importance of housekeeping Department in hotel, motel, guest how we have learn about the interdepartmental co-operations among various departments of the hotel and the importance of hotel industry in our society. Furthermore, we also learnt the meaning and types of non-commercial hospitality management and the type of organization that is available. Lastly we have learnt and understood the meaning of the layout in hospitality industry and the necessary and important factors to consider when plan to establish this industry. Bibliography Website address Anon., 2011. Hospitality industry Profs from the American. [Online] Available at: [Accessed on 25 February 2011] Fareeha.,nd. Disadvantage of hotel industry.[Online] Available at: [Accessed on 17 February 2011] Johnston, A., 2010. Definition of hospitality industry. [Online] Available at: [Accessed on 13 March 2011] Anon.,nd. The travel and tourism industry.[Online] Available at: [Accessed on 15 March 2011 Shlotta., 2009. Factors affecting travel and tourism industry. [Online] Available at: [Accessed on 25 February 2011]